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[title] => Nemojte pasti na tur od turcizama u hrvatskom jeziku: iznenadit ćete se koliko riječi i izraza koje koristimo u svakodnevnom govoru potječu iz turskog
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Ako vam nešto djeluje kao 'lakrdija', ako svirate 'gajde' ili 'tamburu' pa zapisujete note u 'kajdanku', ili vas boli 'bubreg'; ili se na 'tulumu' napijete kao 'deva' pa zaboravite koliko je 'sati'; nemojte pasti na 'tur' kad čujete da vam je za sve te imenice trebao turski jezik.
Jezične jedinice preuzete iz turskoga jezika stručnjaci zovu turcizmi i u hrvatskome ih je mnogo. Dubravka Ivšić Majić s Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje piše o tome u znanstveno-popularnom časopisu Hrvatski jezik i objašnjava da su hrvatski i turski jezik u kontaktu bili od 15. stoljeća, što je ostavilo je traga u hrvatskome jeziku u obliku turcizama.
Turcizmi se u lingvističkoj literaturi često razvrstavaju na posve prihvaćene riječi bez odgovarajuće domaće zamjene i na one za koje postoje neutralne domaće riječi.
Za prve autorica navodi izraze bakar, boja, čelik i sat, a za druge barjak za domaću riječ zastava ili dušmanin za domaću riječ neprijatelj.
Naša turska svakodnevica
Iz turskoga potječu mnoge riječi poput alat, čekić, satara, kubura, alka, buzdovan, barut, katran, sačma, tane, top, fitilj, baždar, zatim ergela, timar, mamuza i ular, potom čarape, pamuk, papuče, čizme i đon.
Također, turske su riječi torba, kopča, lepeza marama, sofa, divan, krevet, jastuk, jorgan, kutija, sanduk, tavanu, odaja i kat.
Turcizmi su i riječi dadilja, dućan, tezga, kusur, pare, džep, badava, mukte, a iz turskoga smo posudili i riječi jogurt, kajgana, kajmak, ajvar, ćevapi u somunu, sarma, ćufte, čorba, đuveč, burek, pita, baklava, pekmez, šerbet, kava, tava, tepsija, džezva, čaj, rakija i duhan.
I nazivi za cvijeće poput karanfil, zumbul, jasmin, jorgovan i kadifica turskoga su podrijetla, baš kao i izrazi za voće i povrće kao što su badem, kesten, naranča, limun, patlidžan. Turcizmi su i bećar, mangup i čoban, a ima i riječi kojima se opisuju neke osobine i ponašanja ljudi kao bedak, budala, raskalašen, inat, kavga i šamar.
Posuđivanje preko turskoga
Neke riječi u hrvatskom posuđene su posredstvom turskog jezika. Tako primjerice, iz perzijskoga jezika potječu riječi badem, dugme, kesa, lula, papuča, šegrt, iz arapskoga ćup, duhan, grimiz, melem, miraz, zanat, iz grčkoga fenjer, kesten, krevet, iz talijanskoga skela i trampa.
Pojedine su pak turske riječi u hrvatski posuđene u dva navrata, jednom izravno iz turskoga, drugi put uz posredništvo europskih jezika, ističe autorica. Ona navodi riječ iz turskoga 'köșk' koja u izvornom jeziku znači čardak, kula ili ljetnikovac, a koja je izravnom posudbom u hrvatskom dobila izraz ćošak, a preko francuskoga riječ kiosk.
Iz turskoga 'tülbend' dolazi izravna posuđenica turban, a uz posredništvo talijanskoga tulipan. Iz turskoga 'havyar' (posoljena ikra) izravno potječe riječ ajvar, a uz posredništvo europskih jezika turska je riječ dospjela u hrvatski kao kavijar.
Riječ 'çakal' je izravno dala riječ čagalj, a uz njemačko posredništvo izraz šakal, koji ima isto značenje.
Turski 'kebap', što znači "na komade izrezano meso", izravno je posuđen kao ćevap, a uz njemačko posredništvo kao kebap.
Također, turska riječ 'şeker' izravno je posuđena u standardni jezik kao šećer, dok je u hrvatske dijalekte posuđena uz posredništvo njemačkoga kao cuker, odnosno talijanskoga kao cukar, zaključuje autorica.
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Ako vam nešto djeluje kao 'lakrdija', ako svirate 'gajde' ili 'tamburu' pa zapisujete note u 'kajdanku', ili vas boli 'bubreg'; ili se na 'tulumu' napijete kao 'deva' pa zaboravite koliko je 'sati'; nemojte pasti na 'tur' kad čujete da vam je za sve te imenice trebao turski jezik.
Jezične jedinice preuzete iz turskoga jezika stručnjaci zovu turcizmi i u hrvatskome ih je mnogo. Dubravka Ivšić Majić s Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje piše o tome u znanstveno-popularnom časopisu Hrvatski jezik i objašnjava da su hrvatski i turski jezik u kontaktu bili od 15. stoljeća, što je ostavilo je traga u hrvatskome jeziku u obliku turcizama.
Turcizmi se u lingvističkoj literaturi često razvrstavaju na posve prihvaćene riječi bez odgovarajuće domaće zamjene i na one za koje postoje neutralne domaće riječi.
Za prve autorica navodi izraze bakar, boja, čelik i sat, a za druge barjak za domaću riječ zastava ili dušmanin za domaću riječ neprijatelj.
Naša turska svakodnevica
Iz turskoga potječu mnoge riječi poput alat, čekić, satara, kubura, alka, buzdovan, barut, katran, sačma, tane, top, fitilj, baždar, zatim ergela, timar, mamuza i ular, potom čarape, pamuk, papuče, čizme i đon.
Također, turske su riječi torba, kopča, lepeza marama, sofa, divan, krevet, jastuk, jorgan, kutija, sanduk, tavanu, odaja i kat.
Turcizmi su i riječi dadilja, dućan, tezga, kusur, pare, džep, badava, mukte, a iz turskoga smo posudili i riječi jogurt, kajgana, kajmak, ajvar, ćevapi u somunu, sarma, ćufte, čorba, đuveč, burek, pita, baklava, pekmez, šerbet, kava, tava, tepsija, džezva, čaj, rakija i duhan.
I nazivi za cvijeće poput karanfil, zumbul, jasmin, jorgovan i kadifica turskoga su podrijetla, baš kao i izrazi za voće i povrće kao što su badem, kesten, naranča, limun, patlidžan. Turcizmi su i bećar, mangup i čoban, a ima i riječi kojima se opisuju neke osobine i ponašanja ljudi kao bedak, budala, raskalašen, inat, kavga i šamar.
Posuđivanje preko turskoga
Neke riječi u hrvatskom posuđene su posredstvom turskog jezika. Tako primjerice, iz perzijskoga jezika potječu riječi badem, dugme, kesa, lula, papuča, šegrt, iz arapskoga ćup, duhan, grimiz, melem, miraz, zanat, iz grčkoga fenjer, kesten, krevet, iz talijanskoga skela i trampa.
Pojedine su pak turske riječi u hrvatski posuđene u dva navrata, jednom izravno iz turskoga, drugi put uz posredništvo europskih jezika, ističe autorica. Ona navodi riječ iz turskoga 'köșk' koja u izvornom jeziku znači čardak, kula ili ljetnikovac, a koja je izravnom posudbom u hrvatskom dobila izraz ćošak, a preko francuskoga riječ kiosk.
Iz turskoga 'tülbend' dolazi izravna posuđenica turban, a uz posredništvo talijanskoga tulipan. Iz turskoga 'havyar' (posoljena ikra) izravno potječe riječ ajvar, a uz posredništvo europskih jezika turska je riječ dospjela u hrvatski kao kavijar.
Riječ 'çakal' je izravno dala riječ čagalj, a uz njemačko posredništvo izraz šakal, koji ima isto značenje.
Turski 'kebap', što znači "na komade izrezano meso", izravno je posuđen kao ćevap, a uz njemačko posredništvo kao kebap.
Također, turska riječ 'şeker' izravno je posuđena u standardni jezik kao šećer, dok je u hrvatske dijalekte posuđena uz posredništvo njemačkoga kao cuker, odnosno talijanskoga kao cukar, zaključuje autorica.
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Adem Altan
Turkish soldiers attend a ceremony at the Anitkabir, the mausoleum for the Turkish Republic's founder Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, to mark the 83th anniversary of his death, in Ankara on November 10, 2021. (Photo by Adem ALTAN/AFP)
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17. svibanj 2024 08:29
